Ukuhlolisiswa kwesayensi kwezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni kuyakhula; ukuvikelwa kokulawula kubuzwa

Lo mbhalo ushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku Izindaba Zempilo Yezemvelo.

NguCarey Gillam

Ababulali bokhula kuma-cracker kakolweni nasenhlamvini, izibulala-zinambuzane kujusi we-apula kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane eminingi esipinashi, ubhontshisi wezintambo neminye imifino - konke kuyingxenye yokudla kwansuku zonke kwabantu abaningi baseMelika. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, izikhulu zikahulumeni zimemezele ukuthi imikhondo emincane yalezi zingcolisi iphephile. Kepha igagasi elisha lokuhlolisisa okungokwesayensi liyinselele kulokho kugomela.

Yize abathengi abaningi bengazi ngakho, unyaka nonyaka, ososayensi bakahulumeni babhala ukuthi amakhulukhulu amakhemikhali asetshenziswa abalimi emasimini abo nasezitshalweni ashiya kanjani izinsalela ekudleni okusetshenziswa kakhulu. Izithelo ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-75 namaphesenti angaphezu kwama-50 emifino esampuli athwale izinsalela zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane e izibonelo zamuva zakamuva ezibikiwe yi-Food and Drug Administration. Ngisho nezinsalela zamakhemikhali abulala ngokuqinile izimbungulu i-DDT zitholakala ekudleni, kanye nohla lweminye imithi yokubulala izinambuzane eyaziwa ngososayensi ukuthi kuxhunyaniswe nezifo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezifo. I-pesticide endosulfan, kuvinjelwe umhlaba wonke ngenxa yobufakazi bokuthi ingadala izinkinga zemizwa nezokuzala, nayo itholakale kumasampula okudla, kusho umbiko we-FDA.

Abalawuli baseMelika nezinkampani ezidayisela abalimi amakhemikhali baphikelela ekutheni izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane aziyona ingozi empilweni yabantu. Iningi lamazinga ezinsalela atholakala ekudleni angaphansi kwamazinga asemthethweni "okubekezelelana" asethwe yi-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), abalawuli bathi.

"AbaseMelika bathembele ku-FDA ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemindeni yabo kanye nokudla abakudlayo," UKhomishani we-FDA uScott Gottlieb usho kanjena esitatimendeni ephelezelwa yi-ejensi ukukhishwa kombiko wayo wezinsalela ngomhlaka-1 Okthoba. "Njengeminye imibiko yakamuva, imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi amazinga asele ensalela yamakhemikhali ezibulala-zinambuzane angaphansi kokubekezelelwa yi-Environmental Protection Agency, ngakho-ke akubeki engozini kubathengi."

I-EPA inesiqiniseko sokuthi iminonjana yezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni iphephile kangangoba i-ejensi inikeze izinkampani zamakhemikhali izicelo eziningi zokwenyusa ukubekezelelana okuvumelekile, inikeze isisekelo esisemthethweni samazinga aphezulu ezinsalela zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ukuze avunyelwe ekudleni kwaseMelika.

Kepha izifundo ezisanda kwenziwa zesayensi zenze ososayensi abaningi baxwayisa ukuthi iminyaka yezethembiso zokuphepha ingahle ingalungi. Ngenkathi kungekho muntu okulindeleke ukuthi afe efile ngokudla isitsha sokusanhlamvu okuqukethe izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, ukuvezwa okuphindaphindwayo kwezinga eliphansi ukulandelela inani lezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni kungaba nomthelela ezinkingeni ezahlukahlukene zezempilo, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, ososayensi bathi.

“Cishe miningi eminye imiphumela yezempilo; asikazifundi nje ”

Iqembu lososayensi baseHarvard lishicilele umhlaziyi ngo-Okthoba esho ukuthi ucwaningo oluthe xaxa ngezixhumanisi ezingaba khona phakathi kwezifo nokusetshenziswa kwezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane "ludingeka ngokushesha" njengoba abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-90 abantu baseMelika benensalela yezibulala-zinambuzane emchameni nasegazini labo. Umzila oyinhloko wokuchayeka kulezi zinambuzane ngukudla kwabantu abakudlayo, kusho iqembu labacwaningi baseHarvard.

Ososayensi abaningana abasebenzisana neHarvard bashicilele i- cwaningo ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka wabesifazane ababezama ukukhulelwa. Okutholakele kuphakamisa ukuthi ukuvezwa kokudla kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphakathi kohlobo "olujwayelekile" kuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga abesifazane abakhulelwa kanye nokubeletha izingane eziphilayo, kusho ososayensi.

“Ngokusobala amazinga okubekezelelana akhona manje asivikela kubuthivu obukhulu. Inkinga ukuthi akucaci ukuthi ukutholakalela ezingeni eliphansi izinsalela zezibulali zinambuzane ngokudla kungaba yingozi empilweni noma kungabi yingozi kangakanani, ”kusho uDkt Jorge Chavarro, ongusolwazi ohlangene noMnyango Wezokudla Neziphephelo eHarvard I-TH Chan School of Health Public, nomunye wababhali bokufunda.

“Ukuvezwa kwezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ngokudla kuhlotshaniswa [neminye] imiphumela yokuzala kubandakanya ikhwalithi yesidoda kanye nengozi enkulu yokulahleka kokukhulelwa kwabesifazane abelashwa ngemithi yokungazali. Kukhona eminye imiphumela eminingi yezempilo; asikazifundisisi ngokwanele ukwenza ukuhlola okwanele kobungozi, ”kusho uChavarro.

Isazi sezinto ezinobuthi uLinda Birnbaum, oqondisa i-US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), naye uzwakalise ukukhathazeka ngezingozi zezibulala-zinambuzane ngokudalula obekucatshangwa ukuthi kuphephile. Ngonyaka odlule wabiza "Ukwehliswa jikelele ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo" ngenxa yezinkinga eziningi ngempilo yabantu, esho ukuthi "imithetho ekhona yase-US ayihambisani nentuthuko yesayensi ekhombisa ukuthi amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kakhulu abangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo emazingeni obekucatshangwa ukuthi aphephile."

Engxoxweni uBirnbaum uthe izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni nasemanzini ziphakathi kwezinhlobo zokuchayeka ezidinga ukubhekelwa ngokomthetho okukhulu.

“Ngabe ngicabanga ukuthi amazinga asethwe njengamanje aphephile? Mhlawumbe akunjalo, ”kusho uBirnbaum. "Sinabantu abanobungozi obuhlukile, kungaba ngenxa yofuzo lwabo, noma ubudala babo, noma yini engabenza bathambekele kakhulu kulezi zinto," esho.

“Yize sibheka amakhemikhali eyodwa ngesikhathi, kunobufakazi obuningi bezinto ezisebenza ngendlela ehambisanayo. Izinqubomgomo zethu eziningi zokuhlola ezijwayelekile, eziningi ezakhiwa eminyakeni engama-40 kuya kwengama-50 edlule, azibuzi imibuzo obekufanele siyibuze, ”wengeza.

Umthetho awusho ukuthi uphephile

Amanye amaphepha esayensi akamuva akhomba kokutholakele okukhathazayo. Eyodwa ngeqembu lososayensi bamazwe omhlaba elishicilelwe ngoMeyi kutholakale i-glyphosate herbicide ngemithamo njengamanje ebhekwa “njengephephile” iyakwazi ukudala izinkinga zezempilo ngaphambi kokuqala kokuthomba. Ucwaningo oluningi luyadingeka ukuqonda izingcuphe ezingaba khona ezinganeni, abalobi bezocwaningo bathi.

Futhi ephepheni ishicilelwe ngo-Okthoba 22 ku-JAMA Internal Medicine, abacwaningi baseFrance bathi lapho bebheka izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezixhumanisa nomdlavuza ocwaningweni lokudla kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-68,000, bathole izinkomba zokuthi ukudla kokudla okwenziwe ngamakhemikhali, okungenzeki kakhulu ukuthi kuthwale izinsalela zokwenziwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kunokudla okwenziwe ngezitshalo ezikhule ngokujwayelekile, kwakuhlotshaniswa nengozi encishisiwe yomdlavuza.

Iphepha le-2009 eshicilelwe ngumcwaningi waseHarvard nososayensi ababili be-FDA bathole amasampula okudla ayi-19 kwayi-100 izingane ezivame ukuwadla aqukethe okungenani isibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa esaziwa njenge-neurotoxin. Ukudla okwabhekwa ngabaphenyi kwakuyimifino emisha, izithelo namajusi. Kusukela lapho, ubufakazi sebukhulile ngemithelela yempilo yomuntu eyingozi yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi.

Amazinga angamukeleki

"Izindinganiso zomthetho eziningi zamanje zezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni nasemanzini aziyivikeli ngokuphelele impilo yomphakathi, futhi azikhombisi isayensi yakamuva," kusho u-Olga Naidenko, umeluleki omkhulu wesayensi wenhlangano engenzi nzuzo ye-Environmental Working Group, ekhiphe imibiko eminingana ukubheka izingozi ezingaba khona zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ekudleni nasemanzini. “Ezomthetho azikhombisi ukuthi 'uphephile,'” kusho yena.

Isibonelo esisodwa sokuthi iziqinisekiso zokuphepha zitholakale zintuleka kanjani uma kukhulunywa ngezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane kuyisibulala-zinambuzane esaziwa ngokuthi i-chlorpyrifos. Imakethwa yiDow Chemical, eyaba yinkampani yeDowDuPont ngonyaka we-2017, i-chlorpyrifos isetshenziswa ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-30 ama-apula, isilimo esinengono emnandi edliwayo, amantongomane, u-anyanisi, amagilebhisi, i-broccoli, ama-cherries nekholifulawa otshalwe e-US futhi kuvame ukutholakala ekudleni okudliwe yizingane . I-EPA isishilo iminyaka ukuthi ukudalulwa okungaphansi kokubekezelelwa kwezomthetho okubekiwe bekungeyona into okufanele ikhathazeke ngayo.

Noma kunjalo ucwaningo lwesayensi eminyakeni yamuva nje kukhombise ukuhlangana phakathi kokuchayeka kwe-chlorpyrifos kanye nokushoda kwengqondo ezinganeni. Ubufakazi bokulimaza ubuchopho obusakhula bunamandla kangangokuba i-EPA ngo-2015 kusho ukuthi "ayikwazi ukuthola ukuthi noma yikuphi ukubekezelelana njengamanje kuphephile."

I-EPA ithe ngenxa yamazinga angavumelekile okubulala izinambuzane ekudleni nasemanzini okuphuza ihlela ukuvimbela lesi sibulala-zinambuzane ekusebenziseni ezolimo. Kepha ingcindezi evela kuDow futhi ama-lobbyists embonini yamakhemikhali agcine amakhemikhali esetshenziswa kabanzi emapulazini aseMelika. Umbiko wakamuva we-FDA uthole ukuthi bangu-11^th izibulala-zinambuzane ezivame kakhulu ekudleni kwase-US okuvela emakhulwini afakiwe ekuhlolweni.

A inkantolo yenhlangano ngo-Agasti ithe ukuthi iTrump Administration yayifaka engcupheni impilo yomphakathi ngokugcina ama-chlorpyrifos esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwezolimo. I- inkantolo ibaluliwe "Ubufakazi besayensi bokuthi insalela yakho ekudleni ibanga ukulimala kwe-neurodevelopmental ezinganeni" futhi yayalela i-EPA ukuthi isuse konke ukubekezelela futhi ivimbele ikhemikhali emakethe. I-EPA isazothatha isinyathelo kulowo myalo, futhi kunjalo ukufuna ukulalelwa kabusha ngaphambi kwe-9 ephelele^th Inkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Yesifunda.

Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi angakuchaza kanjani ukuma kwakhe okuguqukayo kuma-chlorpyrifos, okhulumela i-ejensi wathi i-EPA "ihlela ukuqhubeka nokubuyekeza isayensi ekhuluma ngemiphumela ye-neurodevelopmental" yamakhemikhali.

Iqiniso lokuthi lisasetshenziswa kakhulu liyakhathaza futhi lithukuthelise odokotela abagxile kwezempilo yezingane futhi libashiye bezibuza ukuthi yikuphi okunye ukuvezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni okungenzeka ukuthi kuyabenzela abantu.

"Okusemqoka ukuthi ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezempilo yomphakathi kwama-chlorpyrifos kusuka ekutholakaleni kwayo ekudleni," kusho uDkt. Bradley Peterson umqondisi we-Institute for the Developing Mind esibhedlela sezingane eLos Angeles. Ngisho nokuchayeka okuncane kungaba nemiphumela emibi. ”

Isinqumo se-EPA sokuqhubeka nokuvumela ama-chlorpyrifos ekudleni kwaseMelika "siyisibonakaliso sokuchithwa okubanzi kobufakazi besayensi" obubekela inselelo impilo yabantu kanye nobuqotho besayensi, ngokuvumelana ne UDkt ULeonardo Trasande, oqondisa iDivision of Environmental Pediatrics ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezingane e-Langone Health yaseNew York University.

Isazi se-Epidemiologist uPhilip Landrigan, umqondisi wohlelo lweBoston College lweGlobal Public Health, kanye nowayengusosayensi we-US Centers for Disease Control, unxusa ukuthi kuvinjelwe zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, isigaba semithi yokubulala izinambuzane ehlanganisa ama-chlorpyrifos, ngenxa yengozi eziyibangela izingane .

"Izingane zisengozini enkulu kula makhemikhali," kusho uLandrigan. "Lokhu kumayelana nokuvikela izingane."

Ukwanda kokubekezelelana uma kucelwa imboni

Umthetho iFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ugunyaza i-EPA ukuthi ilawule ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni ngokuya ngamazinga athile asemthethweni futhi inikeze i-EPA igunya elilinganiselwe lokusungula ukubekezelela iziqu zomthetho ezihlangabezana nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.

Ukungabekezelelani kuyehluka ekudleni nasekudleni nasekubulaweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ngakho-ke i-apula lingaphatha ngokusemthethweni uhlobo oluthile lwensalela yokubulala izinambuzane kune-plamu, ngokwesibonelo. Ukubekezelelana nakho kuyahlukahluka kuye ngamazwe, ngakho-ke lokho i-US ekubeka njengokubekezelelana okusemthethweni kwezinsalela ze-pesticide ekudleni okuthile - futhi kuvame ukwehluka kakhulu kunemikhawulo ebekwe kwamanye amazwe. Njengengxenye yokuhlelwa kwalokhu kubekezelelana, abalawuli bahlola idatha ekhombisa ukuthi kungakanani okusalayo okuqhubeka ngemuva kokuthi isibulali zinambuzane sisetshenziswe njengoba kuhloswe esitshalweni, futhi benza ukuhlolwa kokudla okuyingozi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga ezinsalela ze-pesticides awabeki ukukhathazeka kwezempilo yabantu .

Le nhlangano ithi ibangela ukuthi izidlo zezinsana nezingane zingahluka kakhulu kwezabantu abadala nokuthi badla ukudla okuningi ngosayizi wabo kunabantu abadala. I-EPA futhi ithi ihlanganisa imininingwane ngemizila yokuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane - ukudla, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphuza lapho kuhlala khona - ngolwazi olumayelana nobuthi besibulala-zinambuzane ngasinye ukucacisa izingozi ezingaba khona ezidalwa izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane. Le nhlangano ithi uma izingozi "zingamukeleki," ngeke ikwamukele ukubekezelelana.

I-EPA iphinde ithi uma yenza izinqumo zokubekezelelana, “ifuna ukuvumelanisa ukubekezelelana kweMelika nezindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba lapho kungenzeka khona, ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuphepha kokudla zase-US kanye nemikhuba yezolimo.”

IMonsanto, eyaba yiyunithi yeBayer AG ekuqaleni konyaka, icele ngempumelelo i-EPA ukuthi yandise amazinga ezinsalela ze-glyphosate ezivunyelwe ekudleni okuningana, kufaka phakathi ukolweni ne-oats.

Ngo-1993, isibonelo, i-EPA ibinokubekezelelana i-glyphosate kuma-oats ezingxenyeni eziyi-0.1 ngesigidi ngasinye (ppm) kepha ngo-1996 UMonsanto ubuze i-EPA ukukhulisa ukubekezelelana kube ngu-20 ppm kanye ne- I-EPA yenza njengoba ibuziwe. Ku-2008, kusiphakamiso sikaMonsanto, i- I-EPA iphinde yabheka ukukhulisa ukubekezelelana i-glyphosate kuma-oats, kulokhu iye ku-30 ​​ppm.

Ngaleso sikhathi, liphinde lathi lizokhuphula ukubekezelelana kwe-glyphosate ebhali kusuka ku-20 ppm kuye ku-30 ​​ppm, kuphakamise ukubekezelelana emasimini ommbila kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-5 ppm futhi kuphakamise ukubekezelelana kwezinsalela ze-glyphosate kukolweni kusuka ku-5 ppm kuya ku-30 ​​ppm, ukwanda ngamaphesenti angama-500. I-30 ppm kakolweni ifaniswa namanye amazwe angaphezu kwama-60, kepha ingaphezulu kakhulu kokubekezelelwa okuvunyelwe emazweni angaphezu kwama-50, ngokusho kwe i-database yokubekezelelana kwamazwe omhlaba isungulwe ngemali ye-EPA futhi igcinwe manje yiqembu elizimele lezindaba zikahulumeni.

"I-Ejensi inqume ukuthi ukubekezelelana okwandisiwe kuphephile, okusho ukuthi, kunesiqiniseko esizwakalayo sokuthi akukho monakalo ozovela ekutholakaleni okuhlangene kwensalela yamakhemikhali ezibulala-zinambuzane," kusho i-EPA kwi-Federal Register yangoMeyi 21, 2008.

“Zonke lezi zitatimende ze-EPA - sithembe ukuthi kuphephile. Kodwa iqiniso asazi ukuthi liphephile ngempela yini, ”kusho uDkt. Bruce Lanphear, ongusosayensi wezokwelapha eChild & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, noprofesa emkhakheni wesayensi yezempilo eSimon Fraser University e IVancouver, eBritish Columbia. U-Lanphear uthe ngenkathi abalawuli becabanga ukuthi imiphumela enobuthi iyakhuphuka ngomthamo, ubufakazi besayensi bubonisa ukuthi amanye amakhemikhali anobuthi kakhulu emazingeni aphansi okuvezwa. Ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi kuzodinga ukucabanga kabusha ukucabanga okuyisisekelo mayelana nokuthi ama-ejensi alawula kanjani amakhemikhali, waphikisa ephepheni eshicilelwe ngonyaka odlule.

Eminyakeni yamuva bobabili iMonsanto neDow bathole amazinga amasha okubekezelelana kwezibulala-zinambuzane i-dicamba kanye ne-2,4-D ekudleni futhi.

Ukukhulisa ukubekezelelana kuvumela abalimi ukuthi basebenzise izibulala-zinambuzane ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezingashiya izinsalela eziningi, kepha lokho akusongeli impilo yabantu, ngokusho kweMonsanto. Kubhulogi ethunyelwe nyakenye, Usosayensi weMonsanto uDan Goldstein uqinisekise ukuphepha kwezinsalela zokubulala izinambuzane ekudleni ngokuvamile kanye ne-glyphosate ikakhulukazi. Ngisho noma beqa umkhawulo wezomthetho, izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zincane kakhulu futhi azinabungozi, ngokusho kukaGoldstein, othumele ibhulogi ngaphambi kokuthatha umhlalaphansi eMonsanto kulo nyaka.

Cishe uhhafu wokudla okwenziwe isampula uqukethe iminonjana yezibulala-zinambuzane

Phakathi kokukhathazeka kwesayensi, i- idatha yakamuva kakhulu ye-FDA kuzinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni kutholakale ukuthi cishe ingxenye yokudla i-ejensi eyayisampulile iqukethe iminonjana yezibulala-zinambuzane, ama-herbicides, ama-fungicides namanye amakhemikhali anobuthi asetshenziswa abalimi ekukhuliseni ukudla okungamakhulu amaningi.

Amaphesenti angaphezu kwama-90 ama-apula ama-apple asampuliwe atholakale aqukethe izibulala-zinambuzane. I-FDA iphinde yabika ukuthi amaphesenti angaphezu kwama-60 e-cantaloupe aphethe izinsalela. Kukonke, amaphesenti angama-79 ezithelo zaseMelika namaphesenti angama-52 emifino aqukethe izinsalela zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene - eziningi ezaziwa ngososayensi ukuthi kuxhunyaniswe nezifo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezifo. Ama-pesticides atholakele kumikhiqizo yesoya, ummbila, i-oat nemikhiqizo kakolweni, nokudla okuphelile njengamabele, ama-crackers nama-macaroni.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-FDA "cishe kuphela" kugxile kwimikhiqizo engabhalwanga njengeyinto ephilayo, ngokusho kokhulumela i-FDA uPeter Cassell.

I-FDA yehlisa iphesenti lokudla okuqukethe izinsalela ze-pesticides futhi igxile kumaphesenti amasampula okungekho ukwephula amazinga okubekezelelana. Embikweni wayo wakamuva kakhulu, kusho i-FDA ukuthi ngaphezu "kwama-99% wokudla kwasekhaya kanye no-90% kokudla kwabantu okuhambisanayo bekuhambisana nemithetho yenhlangano."

Umbiko ukhombise ukwethulwa kwale nkampani kokuhlolela i-glycosate killer killer ekudleni. IHhovisi Lokuziphendulela kuHulumeni lathi ngonyaka we-2014 ukuthi bobabili i-FDA kanye noMnyango Wezolimo wase-US kufanele baqale ukuhlola njalo ukudla kwe-glyphosate. I-FDA yenze izivivinyo ezinqunyelwe kuphela ifuna izinsalela ze-glyphosate, kodwa-ke, isampula ummbila kanye nesoya nobisi namaqanda kumbulali wokhula, kusho le nhlangano. Azikho izinsalela ze-glyphosate ezitholwe obisini noma amaqanda, kepha izinsalela zitholakale kumaphesenti angama-63.1 amasampula ommbila namaphesenti angama-67 amasampula wesoya, ngokusho kwedatha ye-FDA.

Le nhlangano ayizange iveze okutholakele ngomunye wemithi yayo ye-glyphosate ku-oatmeal futhi imikhiqizo yezinyosi, noma ngabe usokhemisi we-FDA enza lokho akutholayo kwaziwa abaphathi nabanye ososayensi abangaphandle kwe-ejensi.

UCassell uthe okutholwe uju ne-oatmeal bekungeyona ingxenye yesabelo se-ejensi.

Sekukonke, umbiko omusha we-FDA wahlanganisa izampuli ezenziwe kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1, 2015, kuze kube nguSepthemba 30, 2016, futhi wafaka ukuhlaziywa kwamasampula angu-7,413 467 okudla okuhloliwe njengengxenye yohlelo “lokuqapha izibulala-zinambuzane” lwe-FDA. Iningi lamasampula kwakungukudla okwakudliwa ngabantu, kepha amasampula angama-47.1 kwakungukudla kwezilwane. Le nhlangano ithe izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zitholakale emaphesentini angama-49.3 amasampula wokudla kwabantu akhiqizwa ekhaya kanye namaphesenti angama-57 wokudla okungeniswe kwamanye amazwe enzelwe ukudla kwabathengi. Imikhiqizo yokudla yezilwane yayifana, nezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zitholakale kumaphesenti angama-45.3 amasampula asekhaya kanye namaphesenti angama-XNUMX wokudla okungenisiwe kwezilwane.

Amasampula amaningi okudla angenisiwe akhombisa izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane eziphakeme ngokwanele ukwephula imingcele yezomthetho, kusho i-FDA. Cishe amaphesenti angama-20 amasampula womkhiqizo wokusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu okhonjisiwe abonise amazinga aphezulu kakhulu wezibulala-zinambuzane, ngokwesibonelo.