Ua paʻi mua ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma Huffington Post.

Na Stacy Malkan

Hoʻopili ʻia kā mākou moʻomeheu me ka manaʻo e hiki i ka ʻenehana ke hoʻopakele iā mākou - a i ʻole e hana i nā manawa ʻoihana ʻoihana maikaʻi loa. Ke hana nei ʻo Cargill, no ka laʻana ʻenehana ʻenehana hou e hoʻohālike i ka stevia, kahi kō i kū aʻe mai nā lau o nā mea kanu, no ka "mākekeʻai haʻuki pahū."

ʻO kā Cargill huahana hou, ʻo EverSweet, hoʻohana i ka hū genetically engineered e hoʻololi i nā mole kō e mimic i nā waiwai o stevia, me ka pono ʻole o ka mea kanu ponoʻī.

Ua hoʻomohala ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka biology synthetic (a i ʻole "synbio" no ka pōkole), kahi ʻano hou o ka hana ʻenekinia e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i DNA e synthesize synthetic i nā mea hoʻohui ma mua o ka lawe ʻana iā lākou mai nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe - kahi hana i kapa ʻia he GMO 2.0.

Ma Iune 1, US Food and Drug Administration hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke ala no EverSweet me kahi "ʻike ʻia he palekana" (GRAS) inoa. Ma ka hopena hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i "nā mea āpau mai ka waiū a i nā mea inu papaʻaina a me nā mea inu ʻona, akā ʻo nā mea inu haʻahaʻa a ʻole calorie ka mea momona," e like me Mea Hoʻokele Meaʻai.

A pēlā nō e hoʻomaka ai ka neʻe hou ʻana o ka ʻenehana hou: e heihei ana nā ʻoihana e neʻe i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai mai ka ʻāina a i ka hale hana me ka ʻole o nā kānāwai a i ʻole nā ​​lula i kahi e koi ai i nā loiloi ʻepekema a me ka transparency.

Pehea lākou e kūʻai aku ai i ka biology synthetic i nā mea kūʻai?

ʻO kahi pahuhopu nui e kū ana i ka biology synthetic ka makemake o nā mea kūʻai o kēia lā i nā meaʻai maoli maoli me nā lepili hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻalahi - he aha Nūhou Pāʻoihana ʻAi ua kapa ʻia ʻo "ke au o ka makahiki" i ka makahiki i hala.

"No ke aha mākou e makemake ai i nā meaʻai synbio?" Ua noi aku ʻo Eve Turrow Paul, kahi mea kākau a me kahi aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo ʻoihana, i loko o Ka Huffington Post. "ʻĀ, kekahi mau kumu. ʻO ka helu ʻekahi o ka papa inoa ka loli. ”

ʻO ka hoʻololi i ke aniau ke kumu nui o ka biology synthetic? He aha e pili ana i ka hopu ʻana i ka mākekeʻai haʻuki pahū pahū?

Aia i laila ka wī a PR e kū nei i nā ʻenehana ʻai hou: pehea e hoʻonohonoho ai i nā huahana meaʻai i hana ʻia me nā ʻenehana labo kani-kani no nā kumu o nā patent a me nā loaʻa kālā ma ke ʻano he mea palekana maika nā mea kūʻai mai.

Ua hui pū nā hui agribusiness, meaʻai a me nā meaola synthetic nui loa ma Kapalakiko ma 2014 e kūkākūkā e pili ana i kēia pilikia PR.

ʻO Dana Perls o nā Hoa o ka Honua, i hele i ka hālāwai, ua wehewehe ʻia ma ke ʻano he “ʻike weliweli i ke kaʻina hana biology synthetic o ka hana ʻana i kahi moʻolelo media i uhi ʻia me ke kō e huikau ai ka lehulehu, nānā ʻole i nā pōpilikia, a koi i ka ʻahu o ka 'hoʻomau' no ka loaʻa pono o nā huahana biology synthetic hou. "

Paipai nā mea hoʻolālā PR i ka hālāwai e hōʻalo i nā huaʻōlelo e like me ka "synthetic biology" a me ka "engineering engineering" (weliweli loa, hoʻi i ka backlash), a ua manaʻo e hele me nā ʻano kikoʻī e like me "fermentation i loaʻa" a me "kūlike kūlike."

Ua paipai lākou i ka nānā ʻana i ka pāpāho ma nā moʻolelo o ka manaʻolana a me ka hoʻohiki, e hopu ana i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu, a e hana ana i nā mea hoʻoulu ʻai "me he mea lā ke hele nei mākou ma lalo o ka hae like" no ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka maopopo a me ka mana o ka meaʻai.

Pahuhopu pahuhopu

Ke hoʻolohe mai nei kekahi. ʻO ka moʻolelo e pili ana iā Cargill's stevia manawa kūpono ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo i nā ʻenekini a me nā biology synthetic, akā wehewehe i ka "fermentation ma ke ʻano he ala." Ua pau me ka hoʻohiki ʻaʻohe mea a Cargill e hūnā ai e pili ana i ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui a e wehewehe pono a pololei ʻia nā huahana.

"Ua māka mākou i kēia wahi i ka aniani moakaka loa," mai la ʻO Steve Fabro, ʻo Cargill luna hoʻomalu papahana honua.

Kūlike ka mea hoʻohui hou me nā loli nui ma Cargill. Ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki o ke emi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā, ke hoʻonohonoho hou nei ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa iā ia iho "e māʻona ai nā mea kūʻai aku ma nā mākeke Komohana e ʻalalā nei mai nā mīkini meaʻai nui e hilinaʻi nei i nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, hana ʻia i lilo i mea loea nui o nā ʻoihana e like me Cargill," ua hōʻike ʻo Jacob Bunge i ka Ka Wall Street Journal.

Makemake nā mea kūʻai aku e ʻike i ka mea i loko o kā lākou meaʻai, nā wai i hana ia, he aha ke ʻano o ka hui, he kūpono lākou, pehea lākou e mālama ai i nā holoholona? " Ua haʻi aku ʻo Cargill Chief Executive David MacLennan iā Bunge.

Me nā meaola biology synthetic, hiki ke hōʻoia he paʻakikī.

Ke nīnau pololei ʻia pehea lākou e hoʻolālā ai e lepili iā EverSweet, ua alakaʻi ʻo Cargill i ke kamaʻilio ʻana iā Kelly Sheehan ma o ka leka uila. 

"E hiki i nā mea kūʻai ke haʻi i ka ʻokoʻa ma ka lepili ma waena o stevia mai ka lau a me nā steviol glycosides i hana ʻia ma o ka fermentation. ʻO Stevia mai ka lau i ka US i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo 'stevia leaf extract.' E kapa inoa ʻia ʻo EverSweet ma ka US ma ke ʻano he 'steviol glycosides' a i ʻole 'Reb M a me Reb D.' I ka EU ke manaʻo ʻo EverSweet e loaʻa i kahi helu E i hoʻololi ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā huahana ʻelua. "

 Ua hoʻohui ʻo Sheehan, "ua kūpaʻa ʻo Cargill i ka transparency a kaʻana like ʻana i ka ʻike huahana ma ʻO Cargill.com mai ka 'stevia leaf extract' i ka 'non-GMO stevia leaf extract.' "

Huikau paha? Maliʻa paha, akā e waiho ʻia nā hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lepili i nā ʻoihana. E like me nā GMO hanauna mua, ʻaʻole koi ʻia ka lepili ʻana i ka US (ʻoiai e koi ʻo Vermont i ka lepili GMO e hoʻomaka ana i ka lā 1 o Iulai ke ʻole Komo mai ka ʻahaʻōlelo) a manuahi nā hui e kūʻai aku i kā lākou huahana ma ke ʻano he “kūlohelohe” (ʻoiai ʻo FDA loiloi i ka hoʻohana o kēlā huaʻōlelo). ʻAʻohe kūlana palekana a ʻaʻohe koi koi no nā meaʻai i hoʻomohala ʻia me ka biology synthetic.

ʻOluʻolu kēia ʻōnaehana lax i nā ʻoihana e makemake e patent i nā ʻenehana ʻai hou.

E like me ka wehewehe ʻana a Perls i ka hālāwai PR biology synthetic, "ʻO kahi poʻomanaʻo ma ka hālāwai, ʻo ia ka ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kānāwai o ke aupuni i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoponopono pilikino ʻana. Aia kahi ʻae āpau i loko o ka lumi e hopohopo ʻole ka lehulehu no ka nele o ka ʻikepili i ka palekana; Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻike ʻoihana kūloko a me nā ʻoihana ponoʻī ke kuleana ʻia a ʻaʻole hiki ke kaʻanalike ʻia me ka lehulehu. "

Ma hea mākou i lohe ai i kēia moʻolelo ma mua?

ʻO nā ʻike kūpono, nā patent, ka nele o ka transparency a me ka ʻoihana ponoʻī pilikino nā hiʻohiʻona o nā GMO hanauna mua - a me ka wahie no ka ulu ʻole o ka hilinaʻi ʻole o nā mea kūʻai a me nā koi no ka transparency i hopu ʻia i ka ʻoihana meaʻai.

ʻO nā hui i loaʻa kālā mai nā GMO kuʻuna - ʻo Monsanto, Dow a me nā hui hua kemika nunui - ua pane i ka hopena e like me ka hana pinepine ʻana o nā hui nui: ma ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā kālā he nui ma Nā hana PR e hoʻouka i nā loiloi a wili i kā lākou huahana e like me ka mea pono e hānai i ka honua.

Ua kūleʻa ʻole nā ​​hoʻohiki kūʻai. Ua loaʻa kahi hōʻike Mei 2016 e ka National Academy of Science ʻaʻohe hōʻike ua hoʻololi nā mea kanu GMO i ka helu o ka hoʻonui i nā hua, a ʻaʻohe pōmaikaʻi keu no nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi, ʻilihune i nā ʻāina kūkulu.

Eia nō naʻe, koi ka poʻe kākoʻo GMO, as Ua hana ʻo Bill Gates i loko o kahi ninaninau Wall Street Journal, e pōloli ko ʻApelika ke ʻole lākou e ʻapo i nā mea kanu o ka GMO e launa i ke aniau, me ka huaola. Ua mālama ʻole ʻo Gates i kēia mau mea kanu ʻaʻohe naʻe ma hope o 20 mau makahiki o nā hoʻokolokolo a me nā hoʻohiki.

Akā, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu ʻenekini nā mea kanu ahonui-ahulau ke hāpai nei i nā hopohopo e pili ana ola pilikia ua hoʻopili i Nine Inch nā hōʻike ākea. Ua hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau mea kanu ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā kemika ʻona e nā ʻoihana like ponoʻī nā palapala Sila Nui no nā hua GMO - kahi hoʻohālikelike waiwai maikaʻi loa, akā ʻo kahi e huli nei ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa no ke olakino a me ke kaiaola.

ʻO ka hoʻohiki o ka biology synthetic

ʻO nā ʻano ʻōlelo hoʻohiki like ʻole i hoʻokō ʻole i loko o 20 mau makahiki o nā mea kanu GMO ke hoʻoulu nei i ka buzz e pili ana i ka ʻenekini genetiano o ka hanauna hou.

ʻO nā ʻenehana biology synthetic "hiki ke hāʻawi i nā mea kanu momona i ulu pono me ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai, ka ʻāina, a me ka ikehu, a me ka hapa liʻiliʻi o nā mea kemika, i nā aniau loli a me nā ʻāina i kākoʻo ʻole i ka mahiʻai nui," i hōʻike ʻia e Josie Garthwaite ma ka 'Akelanika'.

ʻOiai ke kiaʻi nei ka poʻe kākoʻo i nā pono kūpono e hiki mai ana, ke hāpai nei nā poʻe skeptics i ka hopohopo e pili ana i nā pilikia a me nā hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. Me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā loiloi palekana palekana ma mua o ka mākeke no nā meaola biology synthetic, ʻike nui ʻole ʻia nā hopena o ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino, akā ʻōlelo ka poʻe loiloi aia hoʻokahi wahi kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā pilikia. pōʻino waiwai i nā mahiʻai ʻōiwi e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia i ka māla. ʻO nā mahiʻai ma Paraguay a me Kenya, no ka laʻana, hilinaʻi i nā hua stevia.

"Ma ka hoʻokūkū ʻana me nā mahiʻai ʻilihuna a me nā mea kūʻai hewa e pili ana i ke kumu o nā mea hana, EverSweet a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o ka biology synthetic e ulu nei i ka ʻawaʻawa ma nā wēlau o ke kaulahao huahana," i kākau ʻo Jim Thomas lāua ʻo Silvia Rabiero o ka ETC Group ma Polokalamu ʻlelo.

Ke ala i mua no ka biology synthetic

Ke huki ʻia nā laina kaua ma ka palena ʻāina hou, kū aʻe kekahi mau nīnau paʻakikī. Pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke hōʻoia i nā hana hou i ka mahiʻai e pōmaikaʻi ai ke kaiāulu a me nā mea kūʻai? Pehea e hoʻomohala ʻia ai nā ʻenehana ʻai hou e hopu i nā mākeke, nā patent a me nā loaʻa ʻoihana ʻoihana i mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana, ka palekana meaʻai a me nā hopena hoʻololi i ke aniau.

E lawe ana ia i mea ʻoi aku ma mua o nā huaʻōlelo kūʻai, a ke kiki nei ka uaki e ʻike iā ia i ka heihei ʻana o nā ʻenehana hou i mua.

E like me kā Adele Peters i hōʻike ai i Hui Kamaliʻi, kahi ʻenehana morphing gen hou i kapa ʻia ʻo CRISPR, ka mea e hiki ai "ke hoʻoponopono wikiwiki a maʻalahi hoʻi iā DNA," ke hele mai nei i kahi supermarket kokoke iā ʻoe.

"Inā he mau makahiki paha ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i hoʻokahi aukahi me nā ʻenehana kahiko, i kēia manawa hiki ke hana ʻia i kekahi mau lā me kahi haumāna papa hoʻokahi," i hōʻike aku ai ʻo Peters.

He aha ka hewa e hewa ai?

I ʻApelila, ua hoʻoholo ka US Department of Agriculture e holo kahi CRISPR mushroom ʻaʻole e pili i ke kānāwai.

Ma Iune 1, hoʻolaha nā ʻepekema i ka hoʻomaka o kahi papahana he 10 mau makahiki e manaʻo ana e synthetically e hana i kahi genome kanaka holoʻokoʻa. Kāhea ʻia kēia papahana ʻo Human Genome Project - Kākau, "no ka mea, ke kākau ʻia nei ka DNA o ke ola," i hōʻike ʻia e Andrew Pollack The New York Times.

Ma Iune 8, ka National Academy of Science ua hoʻokuʻu i kahi hōʻike e pili ana i "gen drive," kahi ʻano ʻenekini genetika hou i hiki ke hoʻolaha i nā loli i loko o ka lehulehu holoʻokoʻa o nā meaola, e hoʻololi mau ana i kahi ʻano.

ʻAʻole mākaukau nā kuke Gene "e hoʻokuʻu i ke kaiapuni," i ʻōlelo ʻo NAS i loko o kāna nūʻike hoʻōla ke kāhea nei no "ka noiʻi hou a me ka loiloi koʻikoʻi." Minamina, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hōʻike NAS ke haʻi aku i kahi papa hana hoʻomalu e pale ai i ka poʻe a me ke kaiapuni.

Hiki i nā biology synthetic, hoʻoponopono gen a me nā drive gen ke loaʻa nā pono no ke kaiāulu? ʻAe paha. Akā e hiki? A he aha nā pilikia?

Inā ʻae ʻia nā ʻoihana e hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana ʻenehana genetika no ka loaʻa kālā ʻana me ke aupuni ʻole, ʻaʻohe loiloi ʻepekema kūʻokoʻa, a ʻaʻohe transparency, e waiho ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi i ke kaiāulu mai ka papa kuhikuhi a e pouli nā mea kūʻai e pili ana i ka mea a mākou e ʻai nei a hānai ai. ko mākou mau ʻohana.

ʻO Stacy Malkan ka luna hui o US Right to Know, kahi hui noiʻi ʻoihana mea ʻai pono ʻole. Hana pū ʻo ia i nā hana kūkākūkā me nā Hoa o ka Honua. E hāhai iā ia ma Twitter @StacyMalkan